All these things were theoretically possible, but there was a brake in place to stop them from slipping out of control, to prevent them from becoming realities. The problem, I think, goes beyond the current administration, or particular influential cliques within it. Rather, the current situation is more about the conditions of the elite, the dominant temperaments within this group, and the core inclinations and historical choices of the Egyptian intelligentsia. Contemporary Egypt as a whole is like a satellite spinning out of orbit, in danger of being lost in the ether. Perhaps for the first time in its modern history, Egypt seems to be purposefully isolating itself from the world.<\/span><\/p>\n In this rather long article, I\u2019ll try to answer two central questions: Why has Egypt only come untethered in the last three years? What are some of the roots of this dangerous and disgraceful situation? And finally, is there a way back?<\/span><\/p>\n Since the establishment of the modern state in the 19th century, Egyptian elites have been obsessed with the nation\u2019s image in the world, leading them to expand great effort and investment in fashioning and fixing a particular fa\u00e7ade for outside observers. As is the case with any country that recently won its independence from a foreign colonizer, Egyptian elites wanted to show the colonial power that their country was worthy of independence. The national elite and bourgeoisie wanted to prove their entitlement to the colonial state, and affirm their legitimacy and right to represent the local populace. In a more anxious, impetuous turn, the elite sought to prove that they were no less advanced and modern than their former colonizers. The nationalist desires of those elites at certain critical junctures produced an image that combined a sense of greatness with feelings of persecution and historical injustice, mingled with shame and embarrassment at the local populace of backward peasants and urban poor.<\/span><\/p>\n While this mindset is characteristic of most post-independence states, it was particularly stark in Egypt, where it gained a life of its own.<\/span><\/p>\n Egypt\u2019s modern conceptions of its national identity were based on an imagination of a glorious legacy spanning thousands of years, and grounded in a widely shared perception of a historical continuity from ancient to contemporary times. This imagined nation first took shape under King Narmer in 3200 BCE. We learned in school that Egypt was occupied, and was never ruled by one of its own from the 30th Pharaonic Dynasty until Nasser took power in 1952. That is, the country saw no Egyptian ruler for some 2,400 years. But this did not preclude \u201cEgyptianizing\u201d everything that happened between these two dates. According to this nationalist narrative, every conqueror and occupier was swallowed and consumed in the crucible of Egyptian civilization, to be broken down and fused into its own civilizational amalgam \u2014 or so we were told.<\/span><\/p>\n Today\u2019s Egyptian army sees the genealogy of its own battles and conquests as dating back to the battle of Qadesh led by Ramses II in the 13th century BCE, followed by the battle of Meggido (15th century BCE) when forces under the command of Pharaoh Thutmose III defeated the Canaanites led by king of Qadesh. The contemporary Egyptian army claims King Ahmose\u2019s liberation of the Delta from the Asiatic Hyksos in the 16th century BCE as part of its own historical victory. This genealogy is exhibited in the mural outside the Egyptian Military College that includes scenes from these ancient battles in addition to depictions of Ibrahim Pasha\u2019s conquest in Syria in the 19th century, all the way to the 1973 war with Israel.<\/span><\/p>\n The implicit corollary of viewing history on such a continuum was simple. Its goal was to perceive Egypt\u2019s current backwardness as just a minor detour from a path of greatness stretching over thousands of years, temporarily interrupted because of the wickedness of others. This perception draws from both the history of ancient Egypt and Islam. Thus, our civilization becomes both the \u201cthe dawn of the human conscience<\/a>\u201d and the heart of \u201cthe best nation ever brought forth to men to enjoin the good and forbid the evil,\u201d as stated in the Quran. The contemporary Egyptian self, as it sees itself, is the oldest and most complex national identity, the legitimate heir of a past whose greatness is the object of international consensus and celebration.<\/span><\/p>\n Egyptian nationalism is nowhere more clearly articulated than in its constitutions. The preamble of the\u00a01923 Constitution<\/a>\u00a0\u2014 Egypt\u2019s first Constitution, given by King Fouad I to his Egyptian subjects \u2014 presents the charter as a step taken \u201cto advance our people to the highest rank, as fit for its intelligence and readiness and as is consistent with its ancient historical greatness, and to allow it to assume its rightful place among the civilized peoples of the world.\u201d Exactly 90 years separate King Fouad\u2019s 1923 Constitution from Egypt\u2019s most recent Constitution of 2014 \u2014 plenty of time for the development of vulgar chauvinistic impulses and a tawdry self-regard. The preamble of the\u00a0Constitution adopted in 2014<\/a>\u00a0says that Egypt is the \u201cEgyptians\u2019 gift to humanity,\u201d \u201cthe heart of the entire world,\u201d \u201cthe meeting point of its civilizations and cultures and the crossroads of its maritime transportation and communications.\u201d It is \u201cthe head of Africa,\u201d \u201cthe dawn of human conscience,\u201d \u201cthe first centralized state,\u201d \u201cthe cradle of religion and the banner of the glory of the revealed religions.\u201d Egypt is the home of \u201cthe best soldiers of the earth struggling in the path of God, and we carried the message of truth and the religious sciences throughout the two worlds.\u201d According to my dear friend and novelist\u00a0Ahmed Naji<\/a>\u00a0\u2014 who is unjustly serving a two-year prison sentence in relation to the publication of a novel \u2014 some Quranic exegetes state that these two worlds are the world of men and the world of jinn.<\/span><\/p>\n But such grandiosity does not project the full story of how the elite guardians of Egyptian nationalism perceived themselves. While the local bourgeoisie saw itself as heir to this greatness, it still confronted the reality of leading a backward country and representing a mostly ignorant population, one that consists largely of dirt-poor peasants. The bourgeoisie\u2019s image of itself, of Egypt, was therefore created in tension between the outside world (which was implored to recognize our obvious greatness) and the world in Egypt (mostly farmers who inspired a sense of shame and impeded the march toward the reclamation of the ancient glory). At the same time, the bourgeoisie was invested in the misery of the populace, generally preferring to maintain their ignorance as long as it ensured the perpetuation of an abhorrent, inequitable social order. In my view, then, this chauvinism is not simply an ideological impulse with no purpose. It provides justification for the perpetuation of the structure of backwardness, while relieving the national bourgeoisie of any real responsibility for it. It allows them to bemoan the sad state of affairs while placing the blame for it on the ignorant masses or some external conspirator.<\/span><\/p>\n This historical evolution produced a complex relation with the world and us, one that brought us to the present moment evident in our alienated relationship with the rest of the world and our national identity. Egyptian nationalism has acquired its own distinct prejudices, inherited by generations raised in its shadow. Believers in the nationalist ideal daily bear the weight of its greatness and swim in seas of arrogant pride, impervious to the daily reality that defies such a belief. How can the result be anything but perilous? How can it not unleash the\u00a0torrent of irrational hatred<\/a>\u00a0we see today that indiscriminately lashes out at those at home and abroad?<\/span><\/p>\n For decades, we have been beset by a singular obsession: Egypt\u2019s image in the world. It\u2019s a stifling, even disgusting obsession because of the sense of inferiority and falsity it conceals. It entails putting on a bright face for the world by keeping the poor out of sight of foreigners, even if it means temporarily locking them up in police stations while the pavements are painted and streets are cleaned for some visiting foreign dignitary. This was especially the case in the 1970s, when the official and private press decried a growing wave of realist cinema, arguing that it besmirched Egypt\u2019s image and aired our dirty laundry to the world. Realist novels were subject to the same charge. At the most absurd moments, improving Egypt\u2019s image becomes more important than improving Egypt itself. One striking example that took place about a decade ago was when the Ministry of Tourism produced a public service announcement\u00a0cautioning Egyptians against talking about sexual harassment<\/a>\u00a0lest it undermine tourism and sully Egypt\u2019s image in the world.<\/span><\/p>\n Ever since its inception, the idea of Egyptian modernity was imagined as a choice between authenticity and modernity. In the popular consciousness, modernity had to be scrutinized by a lens of virtue and propriety. In short, we must take from the advanced West what suits us and abandon the rest \u2014 \u201cwe\u201d referring to the dominant classes, their interest and lifestyles. So things like ballet, malls and American consumption patterns are marks of advancement, but democracy and gender equality are alien concepts that undermine the identity and particularity of the nation.<\/span><\/p>\n Over many years of successive missteps of former President Gamal Abdel Nasser\u2019s state project, our relationship with the world became more complicated and fraught. We spent a very long time caught up in the intricacies of the authenticity-modernity duality, while questions of progress grew ever more distant. At the beginnings of the post-independence state, modernizing tendencies and manifestations had some degree of popular resonance and truth. The questions of progress and joining the developed North were real, serious and as yet unsettled. But as the blunders and defeats piled up, republican values decayed. Reactionary elements assumed control of the state project, and preserving the trappings of modernity became just another act to embellish the face of the bourgeois authorities and ensure their continuity. As the nationalist project came undone and lost its core component \u2014 the inclusion of the vast majority of citizens \u2014 the nation became more insistent in its demands that the West recognize our worth as an independent nation (the nation having been reduced to the bourgeoisie and its capacity to rule).<\/span><\/p>\n We must also consider that we have spent the last four decades under the influence of the discourse of an Islamic awakening, whose popular literature views the entire nationalist modernist project and its obsession with putting on a good face for the world as an expression of inferiority and groveling to the West. In contrast, it posits, we must take pride in our local backwardness as a form of resistance, awareness and trueness to our identity. This exposes the magnitude of the moral blame to be shouldered by the modern Nasserist state: it adopted the trappings of Western modernity with the full knowledge that it was all for show. And how could it truly believe in it, especially given the reactionary nature of its dominant social coalition, which employs much of the same lexicon as the Islamic awakening?<\/span><\/p>\n In a context like this, democracy, human rights, full gender equality or the free organization of labor become foreign agendas. The nationalist state is forced to adopt them as a pretense, all while detesting and deploring them (since they are a result of international pressure). Under Mubarak, for example, the state allowed civil society some room for action and it adopted the rhetoric of democratization. But it would not allow any independent entity or individual to adopt the same rhetoric \u2014 such people were foreign agents or a \u201cfifth column\u201d until proven otherwise. And when push came to shove \u2014 as in the present moment \u2014 the state had no qualms about prosecuting those who dare call for democracy.<\/span><\/p>\n When former President Anwar al-Sadat stated in the mid-70s that the US held 99 percent of the cards in the region, he set a destructive political and analytical precedent in our relations with the superpowers. Having created his world and bequeathed it to his successor, and in the wake of more internal defeats for the state project, this notion dominated the imagination across the political spectrum, regardless of its truth. This central idea even came to govern the domestic political game. Mostafa al-Fiqqi, Hosni Mubarak\u2019s former secretary for information affairs, once said that the\u00a0US must approve any new president of Egypt<\/a>. This doctrine of Sadat continued to hold sway in elite political circles in Egypt until the January 2011 revolution. However, the events of both January 2011 and, even more so, June 2013 were to prove the utter falsity of this doctrine and its departure from reality.<\/span><\/p>\n The uprisings 2011 and 2013 demonstrated that domestic powers, if they possess the ability to mobilize, have the final say, and the US doesn\u2019t hold 99 or even 50 percent of the cards, especially after its failed adventure in Iraq. It took quite a long time for the political elite in Egypt to realize that they had a large margin of action. This realization came at a very high price for some, such as the Muslim Brotherhood, and was extremely profitable for others, such as the Egyptian military.<\/span><\/p>\n Although the motto of the post-June 30 world has been framed as protecting Egypt from external interference and eradicating the domestic \u201cfifth column,\u201d the victors have come to realize that outside parties have little influence over critical domestic decisions. This realization freed local decision-makers of the strictures of Western demands \u2014 conditions previously thought to be ironclad requirements \u2014 and that I\u2019ve previously described as Egypt\u2019s tether to the world.<\/span><\/p>\n Developments after June 30, 2013, and the military\u2019s ouster of Muslim Brotherhood President Mohamed Morsi, freed Egyptian nationalism from more than one fetter. The first was the weight of US dictates on domestic politics, which proved to be trivial, at least in comparison to the relative importance it assumed in the state\u2019s mind. Second, the Egyptian state no longer had to pay lip service to the discourse of the Muslim Brotherhood, the core of the Islamic awakening that had long branded the republican state as a tool in the hands of the West. The post-June order upended the equation, ejecting the Brotherhood from the national body entirely, using the same accusation of being a tool in the hands of the West, but this time with massive popular support.<\/span><\/p>\n The debate over our image in the world \u2014 or rather, over the limited veneer of modernity that continued to exist trapped between the nationalism of the republican state and the Islamic awakening \u2014 shifted dramatically. Where once it was about preserving our image as a mark of progress, preserving this image became a mark of submission and lack of national independence. In the end, the logic of the Islamic awakening was victorious, but it prevailed against the Muslim Brotherhood itself, as the nationalist state, in a fascist turn, adopted the same logic to crush the group in an impressive historical irony.<\/span><\/p>\n As Egyptian nationalism was finally liberated from these restraints of preserving our image, it was finally released from its obligations to the international community and its trappings altogether, which, as I noted earlier, were often adopted in bad faith, in any case, and under extreme duress. Moreover, the dominant Egyptian actors on the domestic stage understood that this conflict was existential and that the revolutionary tides made preserving the interests of these hegemonic blocs a matter of life and death. This internal conflict was so critical \u2014 a matter of life or death for those elites \u2014 to the extent that the question of preserving their external image paled in comparison, especially since the outside world had no decisive role to play in the conflict. The ferocious attempt by the post-June 30 order to marginalize the January 25 revolution also had a clear impact on Egypt\u2019s connection with the outside world. After all, the January revolution possessed the credibility that the June order lacked.<\/span><\/p>\n All of this came together to unleash the current levels of unprecedented Egyptian national chauvinism, one that borders on the xenophobic, as I elaborate below.<\/span><\/p>\n When we speak about our image in the world, we must first specify which world we\u2019re referring to. During the early days of Nasser\u2019s post-independence state, friends and foes were determined on the basis of a set of rational, moral standards. As a newly independent state, Egypt was a friend to all the nations of the Third World striving for national liberation. It was one of the founders of the non-aligned movement, and ordinary Egyptians truly felt affection for the people of India, Yugoslavia and other nations seeking independence. Most of all, they were well-disposed to Arab and African peoples, while being more hostile or wary of former or newly minted imperial states. The hostility against Israel, for example, was largely based on the idea that it was the spearhead of imperialism in the region. In turn, its existence was a threat to our own development, progress and well-being.<\/span><\/p>\n But again, as the disappointments and failures of the nationalist state piled up, the standards by which friends and enemies were chosen became increasingly muddled. During Sadat\u2019s reign, ties with the US \u2014 the new imperial power\u2014 were strengthened for pragmatic and financial reasons. Sadat also began cozying up to Israel (only yesterday\u2019s existential enemy and spearhead of imperialism). At the same time, however, a rhetoric of defiance emerged, denigrating the two states while deepening our ties with them. This neo-nationalist project sought to affirm our eternal civilizational and cultural animus. The Islamic awakening helped to shape the antipathy to the West, particularly the idea of its immutable nature \u2014 \u201cthe Jews and Christians will never be satisfied with you,\u201d as the Quran says. The problem with this idea is precisely that the hostility is seen as eternal. In practice, it means preserving the status quo of under-the-table cooperation with our implacable foes, while deepening the well of popular hatred through media propaganda.<\/span><\/p>\n At the same time, Sadat\u2019s motto of \u201cEgypt first\u201d signaled a turn to hateful, patronizing rhetoric about other Arabs and peoples of the Third World. Repudiating Nasserist demagoguery and cooperation, the \u201cEgypt first\u201d discourse blamed the Nasserist discourse on Egypt\u2019s regression and impoverishment. The shift entailed a new aversion and distaste for the Palestinians, the Sudanese and a long line of other peoples, from the Algerians to any non-wealthy Arab or African populations. This anti-Nasserist rhetoric, set in motion by Sadat, could have been a passing phase, but it has planted roots deeper than many imagined back then.<\/span><\/p>\n The decades-long evolution of identity conflicts has produced a strange tangle of psychological grudges that can be recalled at any moment as fuel for political feuds with an astonishingly diverse array of countries and peoples. These politically motivated grudges were fed by a sense of wounded defeated greatness, mingled with a feeling of national, cultural or religious superiority, depending on the particular target. Such right-wing tendencies can fashion an entire myth and lexicon of enmity against anyone. The Islamic facet of nationalist rhetoric is evoked as a religious, cultural animosity to the West, and sectarianism against Shia Iran, for example. The colonial legacy is summoned as the root of antagonism to the West, and Turkey as well, given its Ottoman imperial legacy. The more patronizing and even racist expressions of Egyptian nationalism are used to feed hatreds against Arab and African states.<\/span><\/p>\n As the regime\u2019s political crises mounted and the security establishment felt itself losing control over the landscape, the idea that Egypt was under attack became the lens through which relations with the outside world were viewed. And when things come to a head, the idea of being a target quickly developed into full-blown conspiracy mongering. The ruling elite\u2019s sense that the state itself was under threat after January 2011, followed by its existential battle with the Brotherhood in 2013 and its struggle against the terrorism of the Islamic State afterwards, brought the rhetoric of conspiracy to the forefront. Talk of foreign conspiracies became commonplace, a mere clich\u00e9, especially amid the absence of any concrete identification of who those conspirators are. From the\u00a0head of state<\/a>\u00a0to the lowest-ranking official, we hear vague, ominous talk of\u00a0\u201cfourth-generation warfare\u201d<\/a>\u00a0against Egypt by unnamed foreign parties. Looking closely at the nature of this war on Egypt, we find that the criterion for belligerence is simple: animosity against other countries that adopt political beliefs and doctrines that the Egyptian state currently does not. According to this logic, for example, international conferences on human rights become part of the global conspiracy against Egypt.<\/span><\/p>\n The state has relied on a seemingly sound, but problematic principle in its dealings with the outside world: we fight those who fight us and befriend those who do the same. National narcissism is very clear in this position, where the only determining factor in deciding friends and foes is based on the other party\u2019s attitude toward us (referring to the current regime). There is no place for how legitimate such a position is vis-\u00e0-vis the state\u2019s ideological and moral preferences. As a result, if the regime believes that democracy talk is tantamount to advocating the collapse of the state, and some outside party takes a different principled stance, then this other party must automatically be conspiring against Egypt.<\/span><\/p>\n Egypt nowadays bears no gratitude or friendship except to states that offer unlimited financial and political support to its administration, such as Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates (UAE), provided these states ask for nothing in return that contradicts the state\u2019s vision. Anything else is a burden and a threat of its collapse. Even these allies have not escaped condescending barbs from the men in power, who\u00a0in leaks<\/a>, described Gulf nations as second-rate states that have no choice but to support Egypt.<\/span><\/p>\n The incessant talk about foreign conspiracies has stoked a wellspring of free-floating, spontaneous and unbridled hostility among government supporters. When an Egyptian Apache aircraft accidently fired on a group of Mexican tourists in the Western Desert in 2015, killing several of them, regime supporters popped up immediately to voice suspicion and launch accusations: what were Mexicans doing in the Western Desert, anyway?<\/span><\/p>\n Let\u2019s not forget that foreign delegations and researchers are routinely detained,\u00a0banned entry to the country<\/a>\u00a0or\u00a0deported<\/a>. The security person who tortured and killed Italian researcher\u00a0Giulio Regeni<\/a>\u00a0was probably not acting under direct orders, or with the consent of the president or even the minister of interior. Most likely, he\u2019s just a citizen working in a particular security agency who believes in the state\u2019s current fascist propaganda. At this moment in Egypt\u2019s history, that\u2019s all it would take to arrest Regeni and torture him to death for suspecting he is a spy. Such actions are merely drops in the ocean of military-fascist madness, one that is so out of control that as soon as Regeni\u2019s body was found,\u00a0the interior minister issued directives<\/a>\u00a0that his office should be personally notified in the event of the arrest of any foreigner.<\/span><\/p>\n In many ways, Egypt has been historically lucky in that the world is inclined to think well of it. People around the world visit and respect Egypt, despite its almost non-existent contemporary contributions to humanity. Not all countries of the world enjoy such status. In the world\u2019s imagination, Egypt, as a place at least, truly represents the dawn of human conscience, an honor not even accorded to other, older civilizations, like India and China. This idea emerged with the end of French military campaign on Egypt in 1798, and the Bonapartist touting of its findings, which were sold to the\u00a0French elite<\/a>\u00a0as the modern world\u2019s rediscovery of its moral and civilizational roots.<\/span><\/p>\n In 2009, when US President Barack Obama wanted to inaugurate a diplomatic shift in US policy in the Middle East and lay the groundwork for a gradual American retreat from the region, he chose Cairo from which to address the Arab and Islamic worlds. When the Arab Spring erupted, the Egyptian revolution received the most attention, spreading hope as the epicenter of resistance. The world imagined, and hoped, that the new Egypt could act as a vanguard of change in this troubled region.<\/span><\/p>\n The Arab Spring, however, proved capable of bringing down states, but not establishing a sustainable project in their place. The Muslim Brotherhood, meanwhile, was transformed from a major strategic partner in the making to a ragtag group that wasn\u2019t even politically savvy enough to save itself from being driven out of the entire Egyptian political sphere after June 30, 2013. The US opportunistically bet on the Brotherhood in the hope that it could lead a narrowly conceived democratic transition in Egypt and the region. With its imperial mindset, the US imagined that this conservative, coherent, Sunni organization with popular roots could bring the region to safe, and cooperative, shores in line with its new policy of disengagement. In other words, it hoped that the Muslim Brotherhood could lead a political change that would end up leading to no change at all.<\/span><\/p>\n Prior to the revolution, the US and its partners viewed the standing Arab regimes with contempt, seeing cooperation as necessary while believing their demise was just a matter of time. This was coupled with an unshakeable belief that any alternative political actors were at best marginal. These convictions led to an approach that treats Egypt as a pitiful, disappointing colossus. As the heart of the region, it is the sick man that cannot be permitted to fall, even as it will not help itself, assume its leadership role, or stop demanding assistance from abroad. This all is happening while at home, it curses those who offer such assistance with an arrogant presumptuousness.<\/span><\/p>\n The situation today is truly unprecedented. This may be the most isolated Egypt has ever been in its modern history, internationally more than regionally. For two years or more, Egypt\u2019s name in the world has been synonymous with the bizarre, but the outside world continues to engage and follow us, despite all the\u00a0hysterical domestic appeals for isolation<\/a>. The world treats the absurdities of national fascism with a mixture of amused indulgence, concerned astonishment and disgust, while on the national level, major global media outlets are treated as if they\u2019ve been infiltrated by the Brotherhood.<\/span><\/p>\n Overall, a serious engagement with what is really going on in Egypt slowly became a losing game for the outside world, leading it to disengage or to dispassionately intervene, simply to stop the giant from crashing. The world is well aware of the rhetoric of hate that has prevailed in Egypt after June 30. It doesn\u2019t meet it with more hate, but with simple ridicule. This derision was apparent in\u00a0the response of the US ambassador to the UN<\/a>\u00a0after an Egyptian spokesperson claimed that her aspiration for an international resolution criminalizing rape and sexual harassment by UN peacekeeping forces is merely the result of her personal ambition. Why should we be surprised when\u00a0the head of state in an official interview<\/a>\u00a0with international media warned Europe that a state collapse in Egypt would send 90 million refugees washing up on European shores? Egypt was thus reduced to a giant threatening Europe with the specter of rats fleeing a sinking ship, a scenario that Europe was admonished to take steps to prevent.<\/span><\/p>\n This is the Mother of the World admitting that it has nothing to offer the world save the\u00a0threat of the terrible consequences of its own collapse<\/a>. So why shouldn\u2019t hatred be met with ridicule \u2014 and maybe even some form of quarantine, or even an occupation down the line to save the place from itself?<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n The January 2011 revolution offered progressive Egyptians the chance to declare a sort of reconciliation with the outside world. For them, the apparent sympathy for the revolution on the part of Western governments did not detract from its legitimacy or from its patriotic nature. During the first 18 days of demonstrations, as the state fell apart and proved incapable of securing anything, there was not one single attack on a foreign embassy or even a demonstration in front of one, though both the US and British embassies lie but a stone\u2019s throw from Tahrir. Even Israel, the object of universal domestic loathing, saw no demonstrators assembled in front of its embassy until months after the uprising. This lack of nationalist rhetoric against Israel may even be one reason why the security establishment embraced the notion that the revolution was a foreign conspiracy.<\/span><\/p>\n The absence of anti-imperialist rhetoric in the January revolution was less an indication of the lack of an antipathy to imperialism than a cautious tactical deployment of such rhetoric. No pivotal foreign state took an openly hostile stance against the revolution in support of the regime, with the notable exception of Saudi Arabia. In contrast, from the early moments, the state claimed a foreign conspiracy engineered by nearly every country in the world, as it was dementedly lashing out against the revolution. As the state reeled, state television reported ominously that a Bulgarian engineer had been arrested in Ismailia, evidence of a foreign conspiracy against Egypt.<\/span><\/p>\n Of course, the children of the January revolution are not wholly liberated from obsession with Egypt\u2019s image in the world. They, too, are the product of postcolonial Egyptian nationalism. So they were elated with Obama\u2019s sympathetic speech on February 11, 2011. They took pride in British Prime Minister David Cameron\u2019s visit to Tahrir, and shared at times dubious claims about the significance of Egypt\u2019s revolution in human history: \u201cthe revolution that dazzled the world.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n At the forefront of the January revolution were young people who were well connected with the outside world and adept with modern media, especially the internet. Because of this, they had a keen, pained awareness of the depths to which the Egyptian national project had sunk. They believed the January moment offered a chance to reconnect with the world as equals, liberated from the weight of the discourses of identity and their bitter historical baggage.<\/span><\/p>\n But events took a tragic turn, foreclosing any possibility or space for political talk as politics itself was smashed, by brute suppression or under the weight of hackneyed, degraded debate. This started soon after the 2011 revolution itself, and reached epic proportions following June 30, 2013. With a subject like the one I have attempted to examine here, one that requires more discussion, the basic issue is finding an entryway from which to engage with the dominant expressions and practices now practiced in the name of nationalism and the state. I think the time has come to bravely call things by their names. The current version of Egyptian nationalist discourse is an abomination that must be resisted. We in this country, despite our severe failings, have lived through years of development and experimentation, most importantly, the experience of the January 2011 revolution. This should allow us to see the nationalist babble for what it really is: a purely right-wing perversion, regardless of its role in bringing down the specter of Islamic fascism. It\u2019s time to strip the progressive, national liberationist veneer from the current reactionary nationalist discourse, which is in fact inimical to progress. The nation state exists in a different world today, one that is already globalized. The old signifiers used to view the self and the other no longer have any basis in reality; their purpose is to confuse, not illuminate. You simply can\u2019t put bad wine in new bottles.<\/span><\/p>\n When many members of the national bourgeoisie hold other nationalities or have safe havens in the region ready to accept them on a moment\u2019s notice, when \u201cnational\u201d capital can slip out of the nation in a matter of days, when members of security and sovereign agencies are trained and protected in full by the \u201cAmerican enemy\u201d \u2014 in a time like this and with such a ruling class, the old nationalist conceptions of independence and identity do not apply. It has evolved into a downright scam and outright thuggery.<\/span><\/p>\n Some may see calls to open up to the world as a vehicle for the destruction of the nation state and an official, ignominious annexation into the neoliberal order of the contemporary world. I have no definitive response to this, but those who believe this often go even further. Many are hostile toward, or uneasy with, the January 2011 revolution, calling it another American-instigated revolution, like those in Ukraine and Georgia. Ultimately, these people will find themselves advocating disengagement from the global order, which is pure nonsense and, in my view, calcified thinking. Disengagement at this moment will not strengthen the autonomy of the weak nation state, but will only reconstitute its ties with the world from a more inferior position, and with a much narrower margin for action for any progressive political force in the future.<\/span><\/p>\n That time is gone. At a time when Egypt banned most forms of electronic commerce, it was on the line with the US to arrange the receipt of Guantanamo detainees to be tortured in the security dungeons of Cairo. In practice, further declarations of isolation and disengagement will only move us closer to Israel,\u00a0making it our sole bridge to the West<\/a>. In other words, it would mean the state, of its own free will, making the sum of Egyptian national nightmares a reality.<\/span><\/p>\n I can only urge revolutionary, progressive forces to liberate the discourse of anti-imperialism from the simplemindedness of those who dominate it, who are in fact subservient to imperialism and its logic. This may be the first key to resolving a fundamental confusion in the tangle of confusions that constitute our current relationship with the world. These forces must believe that the values of human fraternity and equality, and slaying the spirit of belligerent identity in our minds, are inescapable if we wish to free ourselves and our psyches of the current madness. More precisely, those who believe in the values of global solidarity and internationalism need to stop apologizing for themselves. And may Giulio Regeni rest in peace.<\/span><\/p>\n This article has been translated and edited for clarity. It was first published in Arabic on Almanassa\u00a0here<\/a>.<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\nThe Egyptian bourgeoisie: Public image and self-image<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n
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The false choice between authenticity and modernity<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n
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The fetters come off after June 2013: How the Egyptian nationalist project broke free of the world<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/naeem-writing.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/\u0625\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0642-\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628-\u0641\u0649-\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633-\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0632\u0629.jpg?resize=404%2C264&ssl=1\")
The web of enemies expands and shifts<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/naeem-writing.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/regeni-878x380-1.jpg?resize=481%2C208&ssl=1\")
The mindless pursuit of the world\u2019s enmity<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/naeem-writing.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/105660548_gettyimages-475708610.jpg?resize=444%2C250&ssl=1\")
What to do, or can something be done?<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/naeem-writing.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0649-\u0645\u0639-\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646-\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648-\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0649-\u064a\u0642\u0641-\u0641\u0649-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629.jpg?resize=456%2C280&ssl=1\")